What is The Business??

In economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers or other businesses, to make a profit. Historically the business of the English word business, busy from the word which means "busy" in the context of individual, community, or society. In a sense, busy with activity and profitable work.


In a capitalist economy, where most businesses are owned by private parties, business set up to make a profit and increase the prosperity of their owners. Owner and operator of a business get rewarded according to the time, effort, or capital they provide. But not all businesses pursue this advantage, such as business co-operative that aims to improve the welfare of all members or a government institution that aims to improve people's welfare. This business model contrasts with the socialistic system, where big business is owned mostly by the government, the public, or a union.


Etymologically, the business means the situation where a person or group of people busy doing the job that generates profits. The word "business" itself has three uses, depending skupnya - use of the singular word can refer to business entities, namely the unity of the juridical (legal), technical, and economic aims for profit or gain. Wider usage can refer to a particular market sector, such as "television business." The most widespread usage refers to all activities undertaken by community providers of goods and services. However, the definition of "business" the right is still a matter of debate to this day.


Basic forms of business ownership

Although forms of business ownership is different in every country, there are some forms that are considered common:
Individual companies: private companies is a business whose ownership is held by one person. Owner of a proprietorship has unlimited liability for corporate assets. That is, if the business suffered a loss, the owner who had to bear all the losses.


Guild: The Guild is a form of business in which two or more people work together to operate the company to earn profit. Just as a proprietorship, each partner (union members) have unlimited liability on company property. Fellowship can be grouped into limited partnership and partnership firms.
Company: The Company is a business whose ownership is held by some people and supervised by a board of directors. Each owner has limited liability for corporate assets.


Cooperative: is a business which consists of persons or legal entities with the bases of cooperative activities based on the principle of cooperation as well as a popular economic movement based on the principle of kinship. Cooperative aims to improve the life of its members. The main characteristics that distinguish cooperative with other business entities are members of cooperatives have a dual identity. Dual identity means a member of the cooperative is the owner and user of services of the cooperative.


Classification


Business consists of various types, and, as a result, businesses can be grouped in different ways. One of the many ways you can use is to classify a business based on the activities done in making a profit.


Manufacturing is a business that manufactures products derived from raw materials or components, and then sold for profit. Examples are manufacturing companies that produce physical goods such as cars or pipes.


Business Services is a business that produces intangible goods, and earn a profit by charging for services they provide. Examples of service businesses is a consultant and psychologist.


Retailers and distributors are those who act as intermediaries between producers and consumers. Most shops and consumer-oriented companies are distributors or retailers. See also: Franchising
Agriculture and mining business is a business that produces raw materials, such as plants or minerals.


Financial business is business benefit from investment and capital management.
Business information is the business of making profits mainly from the turnover-back intellectual property (property intelellectual).


Utilities are businesses that operate services to the public, such as electricity and water, and are usually funded by the government.
Business real estate is a business that generates profits by selling, renting, and property development, houses, and buildings.

Bus transportation is a business advantage by delivering goods or people from a location to another.


Management

The study, studying business operations efficiently and effectively called by management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, operations management, production management, information technology, and business intelligence.

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100 LIST OF GENIUS IN THE WORLD

1. Leonardo da Vinci - Universal Genius, Italy ---> IQ: 220
2. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany ---> IQ: 210
3. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Germany ---> IQ: 205
4. Emanuel Swedenborg, Sweden ---> IQ: 205
5. William James Sidis, USA ---> IQ: 200
6. Kim Ung-Yong, Korea ---> IQ: 200
7. Thomas Wolsey - Politician, England ---> IQ: 200
8. Hugo Grotius - Writer, Holland ---> IQ: 200
9. Sir Francis Galton - Scientist & doctor, England ---> IQ: 200
10. John Stuart Mill - Universal Genius, England ---> IQ: 200
11. Christopher Langan - Bouncer, scientist, philosopher, USA ---> IQ: 195
12. Sarpi Councilor - theologian, historian, Italy ---> IQ: 195
13. George H. Choueiri - A.C.E Leader, Lebanon ---> IQ: 195
14. Blaise Pascal - Mathematician, religious philosopher, France ---> IQ: 195
15. Ludwig Wittgenstein - Philosopher, Austria ---> IQ: 190
16. Phillipp Melanchthon - Humanist, theologian, Germany ---> IQ: 190
17. PierreSimon de Laplace - Astronomer, Mathematician, France ---> IQ: 190
18. Philip Emeagwali - Mathematician, Nigeria ---> IQ: 190
19. William Pitt (the Younger) - Politician England ---> IQ: 190
20. Voltaire - Writer, France ---> IQ: 190
21. Albrecht von Haller - Medical scientist, Switzerland ---> IQ: 190
22. George Berkeley - Philosopher, Ireland ---> IQ: 190
23. Garry Kasparov - Chess player, Russia ---> IQ: 190
24. Sir Isaac Newton - Scientist, England ---> IQ: 190
25. Friedrich von Schelling - Philosopher, Germany ---> IQ: 190
26. Arnauld - Theologian, France ---> IQ: 190
27. Bobby Fischer - Chess player, USA ---> IQ: 187
28. Marilyn vos Savant - Writer, USA ---> IQ: 186
29. Galileo Galilei - Physicist, astronomer, philosopher, Italy ---> IQ: 185
30. Joseph Louis Lagrange - Mathematician, astronomer, Italy/France---> IQ: 185
31. Ren Descartes - Mathematician, philosopher, France ---> IQ: 185
32. Lord Byron - Poet, writer, England ---> IQ: 180
33. David Hume - Philosopher, Politician, Scotland ---> IQ: 180
34. John H. Sununu - Chief of Staff for President Bush, USA ---> IQ: 180
35. James Woods - Actor, USA ---> IQ: 180
36. Madame de Stael - novelist, philosopher, France ---> IQ: 180
37. Charles Dickens - Writer, England ---> IQ: 180
38. Thomas Chatterton - Poet, writer, England ---> IQ: 180
39. Alexander Pope - Poet, writer, England ---> IQ: 180
40. Michelangelo Buonarroti - Artist, poet, architect, Italy ---> IQ: 180
41. Benjamin Netanyahu - Israeli Prime Minister, Israel ---> IQ: 180
42. Arne Beurling - Mathematician, Sweden ---> IQ: 180
43. Baruch Spinoza - Philosopher, Holland ---> IQ: 175
44. Johannes Kepler - Mathematician, Physicist, astronomer, Germany ---> IQ: 175
45. Immanuel Kant - Philosopher, Germany ---> IQ: 175
46. Robert Byrne - Chess Player, Irland ---> IQ: 170
47. Johann Strauss - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 170
48. Hypatia - Philosopher, Mathematician, Alexandria ---> IQ: 170
49. Richard Wagner - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 170
50. Andrew J. Wiles - Mathematician, England ---> IQ: 170
51. Sofia Kovalevskaya - Mathematician, writer, Sweden/Russia---> IQ: 170
52. Dr. David Livingstone - Explorer, doctor, Scotland ---> IQ: 170
53. Donald Byrne - Chess Player, Ireland ---> IQ: 170
54. Martin Luther - Theorist, Germany ---> IQ: 170
55. Judith Polgar - Chess player, Hungary ---> IQ: 170
56. Plato - Philosopher, Greece ---> IQ: 170
57. George Friedrich - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 170
58. Raphael - Artist, Italy ---> IQ: 170
59. Felix Mendelssohn - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 165
60. Truman - Cloak ---> IQ: 165
61. John Locke - Philosopher, England ---> IQ: 165
62. Ludwig van Beethoven - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 165
63. Charles Darwin - Naturalist, England ---> IQ: 165
64. Carl von Linn - botanist, Sweden ---> IQ: 165
65. Johann Sebastian Bach - Composer, Germany ---> IQ: 165
66. James Watt - Physicist, technician, Scotland ---> IQ: 165
67. Friedrich Hegel - Philosopher, Germany ---> IQ: 165
68. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Composer, Austria ---> IQ: 165
69. Jola Sigmond - Teacher, Sweden ---> IQ: 161
70. Dolph Lundgren - Actor, Sweden ---> IQ: 160
71. Bill Gates - Microsoft CEO, USA ---> IQ: 160
72. Albert Einstein - Physicist, USA ---> IQ: 160
73. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) - Writer, England ---> IQ: 160
74. Microsoft's Paul Allen - co-founder, USA ---> IQ: 160
75. Nicolaus Copernicus - Astronomer, Poland ---> IQ: 160
76. Joseph Haydn - Composer, Austria ---> IQ: 160
77. Benjamin Franklin - Writer, scientist, Politician, USA ---> IQ: 160
78. James Cook - Explorer, England ---> IQ: 160
79. Stephen W. Hawking - Physicist, England ---> IQ: 160
80. Sir Clive Sinclair - Inventor, England ---> IQ: 159
81. Honor de Balzac - Writer, France ---> IQ: 155
82. Anthonis van Dyck - Artist, Belgium ---> IQ: 155
83. Miguel de Cervantes - Writer, Spain ---> IQ: 155
84. Ralph Waldo Emerson - Writer, USA ---> IQ: 155
85. Rembrandt van Rijn - Artist, Holland ---> IQ: 155
86. Jonathan Swift - Writer, theologian, England ---> IQ: 155
87. Sharon Stone - Actress, USA ---> IQ: 154
88. John Quincy Adams - President, USA ---> IQ: 153
89. George Sand - Writer, France ---> IQ: 150
90. Rousseau - Writer, France ---> IQ: 150
91. Jayne Mansfield, USA ---> IQ: 149
92. H. C. Anderson - Writer, Denmark ---> IQ: 145
93. Napoleon Bonaparte - Emperor, France ---> IQ: 145
94. Richard Nixon - Ex-President, USA ---> IQ: 143
95. Hjalmar Schacht - Nazi officer, Germany ---> IQ: 143
96. Adolf Hitler - Nazi leader, Germany ---> IQ: 141
97. Shakira - Singer, Colombia ---> IQ: 140
98. Hillary Clinton - Ex-President wife, USA ---> IQ: 140
99. Geena Davis - Actress, USA ---> IQ: 140
100. Jean M. Auel - Writer, Canada ---> IQ: 140

Thank you. Hopefully very helpful and an inspiration to us

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Definition of Socialization According to the Experts

Socialization is defined as a lifelong process of how an individual study habits that include ways of life, values ​​and social norms present in the community to be accepted by society. The following definition of socialization according to experts ;

1. Charlotte Buhler
Socialization is the process that helps individuals learn and adapt, how to live, and thought his group so he can play and work with the group.
2. Peter Berger
Socialization is a process by which a person appreciate and understand the norms in the community where he lived so that will shape his personality.
3. Paul B. Horton
Socialization is a process by which a person appreciate and understand the norms in the community where he lived so that will shape his personality.
4. Soerjono Soekanto
Socialization is the process of communicating culture to the new citizens.


Socialization can occur through social interaction directly or indirectly. Socialization process can take place through social groups, such as family, playmates and school, workplace, and the mass media. The media can become a means of socialization are family, school, friends and the mass media play work environment.

A. Family
First known by the children is his mother, father and siblings. Parental discretion is good in the process of socialization of children, among others:
1. tried to close with her children
2. reasonably supervise and control that children do not feel pressured
3. encourage the child is able to distinguish right from wrong, good and bad
4. provide a good example
5. advise children if made mistakes and did not impose penalties outside the boundaries kejawaran.
6. inculcate religious values ​​both by learning and applying religious worship in the family.


B. School
Education in secondary schools is a vehicle for socialization and a venue for the formal socialization process. Robert Dreeben argued that a child learned in school is not just reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also about self-sufficiency (independence), achievement (achievement), universalism (universal) and the uniqueness / specificity (specifity).


C. Friends play (group play)
The group has great influence and play a strong role in shaping a child's personality. In the group of playing children will learn to socialize with their peers. The peak effect of teenage friends are playing. The teens tried to implement the values ​​and norms that apply to the group is different from the values ​​prevailing in the family, so that the resulting conflict between children and their family members. This happens when the youth is more obedient to the values ​​and norms of the group.


d. Mass media
Mass media such as print media (newspapers, magazines, tabloids) and electronic media (television, radio, film and video). The magnitude of the influence of mass media is highly dependent on the quality and frequency of the message.
Example:


1) scenes which have eroded the morality of pornography and the increasing immorality in society
2) delivery of war news, movies, with scenes of violence or sadism has been widely believed to lead to increased aggressive behavior in children who watch.
3) Advertising of particular products has increased the consumption patterns of lifestyle or even society in general.

e. Work environment
Work environment is the last media socialization is strong enough, and effectively influence the formation of personality.
1) The working environment in orphanages
People who work in the long run orphanage environment formed by the type of personality has a high sense of humanity, full of patience and tolerance.
2) The working environment in the banking
This environment can make a person so full of calculations, especially on matters that are material and money.


Factors of social interaction
1. Imitation
Imitation is the process of social or mimic the actions of a person to others through behavior, appearance or lifestyle, and anything that belongs to someone else.
Example:
a. In a family environment
For example: how to talk, how to dress
b. Within the community
For example: style hair and clothes. Factors that accelerate the process of imitation.
a. audio visual media such as radio, and television and print media (newspapers, magazines).
b. Increasing complexity of society and the increasing social interaction.


2. Suggestion
Suggestion is the stimulus, influence, or the stimulation provided by an individual to another individual, so that people are given the suggestion to do what disugestikannya without thinking critically and rationally. Form of suggestion comes from people who have the authority, power, and influence, in a social environment. For example, scholars, indigenous leader, scholar, village elders, and so forth.


Suggestion will take place sooner or later be affected by the following:
a. Age
b. Intellectual abilities
c. The physical state
d. Personality
People to tersugesti including the following:
a. Less critical
b. Less educated
c. Giver authoritative suggestion. An example would be to hear the advice clergy and followed the advice of intellectuals.
d. People who are in a quandary.
3. Identification
4. Sympathy
5. Empathy
6. Motivation

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International Trade Law

International Trade Law
International trade law includes rules and habits in handling trade between countries or between private companies across borders. Over the past 20 years, international trade law became one of the fields of international law that has developed most rapidly.

International trade is a trade carried on by a resident of a country with a population of other countries on the basis of mutual agreement. Population in question can be interpersonal (individual to individual), between individuals and the government of a country or government suatunegara with other governments. In many countries, international trade became one of the main factors to increase the GDP. Although international trade has occurred for thousands of years (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its impact on economic, social, political and newly perceived several decades. International trade also helped encourage industrialization, transportation advances, globalization and multinational kehadiranperusahaan.

Review
International trade law must be distinguished from the field of international economic law more broadly. International trade law can be said to encompass not only the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO), but also the laws which regulate the international monetary system and currency regulations, in addition to the development of international law.

Body that regulates trade between countries in the 21st century comes from the trade laws in the mid-called lex mertacora (for the traders on land law) and maritime lex (the law for traders in the ocean). Modern trade law (which extends beyond bilateral treaties) shall come into force shortly after the end of World War II, the multilateral treaty negotiations

to deal with trade in goods: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
International trade law is based on theories of economic freedom that developed in Europe and then in the United States since the 18th century.


World Trade Organization (WTO)
In 1995, the WTO, an international organization authorized to regulate commerce, was established. Establishment of this organization is the most important events in the history of international trade law.


Objectives and organizational structure is governed by the Treaty of Establishment of the World Trade Organization, which is also known as the "Marrakesh Agreement". This agreement does not set definite rules governing trade in certain areas. This is evident from the data contained in separate treaties, which are attached to the Marrakesh Agreement.


Trade in Goods
GATT has been the backbone of international trade law for most of the 20th century. GATT contains rules relating to trade practices "unfair" as dumping and subsidies.


Trade and Human Rights
World Trade Organization Agreement Related to Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) requires that the countries that signed notice of intellectual property rights (also called intellectual monopoly rights). Agreements often leading to this dispute have a negative impact on access to medicines is very important in some countries.


Settlement of Disputes
Since there is no international judges (2004), then the ways to resolve the dispute determined by the jurisdiction. International trade disputes settled by each country and the citizens determine jurisdiction under Clause Forum (venue dispute resolution) contained in the contract.
In addition, other factors in international disputes is the exchange rate.


Given currency fluctuations from year to year, the absence of the Commerce Clause can jeopardize trade between the parties (the agreement) when one party unjustly enrich themselves through natural market fluctuations. By mentioning the exchange rate is expected to occur during the life of the agreement, the parties can monitor the changes in the market through a review of the agreement or the distribution of exchange rate fluctuations.


BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
According Sadono Sukirno, the benefits of international trade are as follows.
 Getting the goods that can not be produced in their own country
Many factors influence the differences in production in each country. Those factors include: condition of geography, climate, level of mastery of science and technology and others. With the existence of international trade, each country is able to meet the needs that are not domestically produced.
 Gaining the benefits of specialization
The primary reason is the foreign trade activities for a profit is realized by specialization. Although a country can produce a product the same kind as those produced by other countries, but they can sometimes be better if the country is importing goods from abroad.
 Expand the market and increase profits
Sometimes, employers do not run the machines (production tools) to the maximum because they fear an over-production, which lead to lower their hargaproduk. With the existence of international trade, entrepreneurs can run the machines to the maximum, and sell the excess product is out of the country.

 Transfer of modern technology
Foreign trade allows a country to learn a more efficient production techniques and management methods are more modern.

International trade is not only beneficial to the economy alone. Benefits in other areas in the age of globalization also increasingly felt. Fields that include political, social, security and defense. In economics, international trade was all the country to meet the needs of its people. State can be likened to a human, no human being bisahidup own, without help from others. So also with the state, no state yangbisa survive without cooperation with other countries. Countries formerly closed to international trade, is now opening its markets. For example, Russia, China, and Vietnam. International trade also has a social function. For example, when the price is very high bahanpangan world. Rice-producing countries try to export it. In addition to profit, exports here as well as social functioning.

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The Basics Insurance

"Insurance or coverage is an agreement between two or more parties, with which the parties committed themselves to the Insured Person, to accept insurance premiums, providing reimbursement to the insured for loss, damage or loss of expected benefits, or legal liability to third parties who may be suffered by the insured, arising out of an uncertain event, or provide a payment based on a life or death of the insured ".

Our understanding of the meaning or definition of the above will be more complete when compared with the notion of insurance set forth in article 246 K. U. H. Trade, which reads as follows:
"Insurance or coverage is an agreement by which the undertaking is binding to the insured, to receive a premium, for reimbursement to him for any damage or loss of expected benefits that might be experienced as an event that is not necessarily".

Important elements contained in the second definition is:
i) Insurance is a contract
ii) The premium is a pre-requisite agreement
iii) The party will give the turn to the Insured
iv) The possibility of the occurrence of certain events or no uncertain events

Insurance as an agreement or a commitment as other contracts subject to the laws of the engagement (the law contracts) as described in Book Third Book of the Law of Civil Law of the engagement.

For a legal contract of insurance is required 4 requirement, namely:
i) Agreed they commit themselves
ii) Ability to make an engagement
iii) A specific case
iv) A lawful cause

Insurance premiums or the cost of air-insurance is a pre-condition for the existence of insurance agreements, because in the absence of any insurance premiums will not be (No No insurance premium).

So, in other words, insurance is a form of risk control is done by way of transfer / transfer of risk from one party to another party (in this case the insurance company).

Understanding of the other insurance is a transfer of risk from the first party to another party. The delegation is controlled by rules of law and the enactment of the principles and teachings which are universally adopted by the first or the other.

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University of Tokyo,The Most Prestigious Universities in Japan.

University of Tokyo

University of Tokyo,The Most Prestigious Universities in Japan.
Tokyo University is generally ranked as the most prestigious universities in Japan.
Tokyo University has five campuses in Hongo, Komaba, Kashiwa, Shirokane and Nakano and 10 faculties with a total of about 28,000 students, 2,100 of which are foreign students (a large amount to the size of Japan). Although almost all types of academic fields taught here, he is best known for its faculty of law and literature. Tokyo University has produced a great many Japanese politicians even though the strength of this university is on the decline.


Rivals are the University of Tokyo University of Kyoto as a state university, and Waseda University and Keio University and Meiji University as a private university. In the field of science, Kyoto University has produced more great scientist and Nobel Prize winner.
University of Tokyo was established by the Meiji Era in 1877 by using its name as it is now after the merger of state universities in the fields of medicine and Western learning. He then called back into the Imperial University in 1886 and then "Tokyo Imperial University" Daigaku) ​​in 1887, when the imperial university system was created. In 1947, after Japan's defeat in World War II, he re-named the University of Tokyo.

History

University has been hired by the Meiji government in 1877 with the name of the smoothness of amalgamating older government schools for medicine and Western learning. That the name "Imperial University" in 1886, and then Tokyo Imperial University in 1897 when 帝 Imperial University system was created. In September 1923, following the earthquake and fire destroyed about 700,000 volumes of the Imperial University Library.



The books are missing, including the Library Hoshino, a collection of about 10,000 books are the property of former books.The Hoshino Hisashi before becoming part of the university library and especially on Chinese philosophy and history.

In 1947, after Japan's defeat in World War II, re-assumed its original name. With the start of the new university system in 1949, Todai swallowed up the former First Higher School of Tokyo and a former High School, which then assumed the task of teaching the first and second year students, while faculty at Hongo main campus care for the third and fourth year students.


Although the university was founded during the Meiji period, it has its roots early in Astronomy Agency, Office of Shoheizaka Studies, and Translation Agency Books West. This institute is a government office established by the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867), and play an important role in the importation and translation of books from Europe.


Dairoku Kikuchi, a key figure in the Japanese education, served as president of Tokyo Imperial University.
For the 1964 Summer Olympics, the university held a partial run of the modern pentathlon events.
On January 20, 2012, the university announced that it will shift the beginning of the academic year from April to September to align the calendar with international standards. This shift will be phased over five years.
According to the Japan Times in February 2012, the university has 1282 professors. Of those, 58 were women.


Alumni famous

Prime minister
Shigeru Yoshida (1946-1947,1948-1954)
Nobusuke Kishi (1957-1960)
Eisaku Sato (1964-1972)
Takeo Fukuda (1976-1978)
Yasuhiro Nakasone (1982-1987)
Kiichi Miyazawa (1991-1993)


More


Wilson Tan, inventor of the electric pole Japan
Toshihiko Fukui, governor of the Bank of Japan
Kobo Abe, the authors
Ryunosuke Akutagawa, the author
Leo Esaki, scientists, Nobel Prize laureate
Yasunari Kawabata, writer, Nobel Prize laureate
Masatoshi Koshiba, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
Stanford Ouzora, inventor of the OGC and GGB
Yukio Mishima, the author
Kenzaburo Oe, writer, Nobel Prize laureate
Kazuhide "Mirror Man" Uekusa, economist, former professor at Waseda University and the alleged sexual harassment
Princess Masako, Princess Imperial
Eiji Toyoda, industrialists
Manshi Kiyozawa, Buddhist thinkers
Watsuji Tetsuro, philosopher

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University of Sydney ,The Oldest University In Australia

University of Sydney

University of Sydney ,The Oldest University In Australia. 
University of Sydney is Australia's oldest university. The University was founded in Sydney in 1850. In 2009, the university has 47 775 university students who made ​​it the second largest (after Monash University) in Australia.
The University has a small number of special campus acquired from other organizations during the last 20 years, but its main campus located in Oxbridge field that spread across the Camperdown and Darlington suburb outside the south-west region of Sydney CBD.
University of Sydney is a member of the Group of Eight Australia, Academic Consortium 21, Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU) and the Worldwide Universities Network.


History

In 1848, in New South Wales Legislative Council, William Wentworth proposed a plan to expand the existing Sydney College into a larger university. Wentworth argued that a state university is essential to the growth of the community who aspire to self-government, and will provide an opportunity for the 'children of every class, to be great and useful in the fate of his country. It took two attempts on behalf of Wentworth, however, before the plan was finally adopted.


The University was established through a part of the University of Sydney Act, which was signed on October 1, 1850. Two years later, the University inaugurated on October 11, 1852 in Big classrooms are now Sydney Grammar School. The first principle is John Woolley. On February 27, 1858 the University received the Royal Charter of Queen Victoria, giving degrees granted by university rankings and recognition equal to that given by the university in the UK. By 1859, the University moved to current site on the outskirts of Sydney Camperdown.


In 1858, part of the Elections Act provided for the University to be a constituency for New South Wales Legislative Assembly as soon as there are 100 graduates with higher degrees. This seat in Parliament was first filled in 1876, but was abolished in 1880 one year after the second Member, Edmund Barton, was elected to the Legislative Assembly.
Most of the treasure John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the University, which received the sum of £ 200,000 in 1889. This is thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning (Chancellor 1878-1895) who opposed the claim by the Commissioner of Taxation UK. The next year seven professorships were created; philosophical anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental, and modern literature.

The university is comprised of sixteen faculties and schools:

Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment
Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
University of Sydney Business School
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Education and Social Work
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
Faculty of Health Sciences
Sydney Law School
Sydney Medical School
Sydney School of Nursing
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Science
Sydney College of the Arts
Sydney Conservatorium of Music
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Five of the largest faculty and the school student enrollment in 2011 are (in order): Arts and Social Sciences; Business; Science; Engineering and Information Technology Health Sciences. Together they comprised 64.4% of the students and the University each has more than 4,500 the number of students (at least 9% of students).

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The University of Washington

The University of Washington

University of Washington (often referred to as Washington or UDub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, UW is the largest university in the Northwest and one of the oldest universities in the West Coast. The University has three campuses: the largest in the University District, Seattle and the other two in Tacoma and Seattle. Operational costs for fiscal year 2010 is over U.S. $ 5.0 billion UW occupies more than 500 buildings, with more than 20 million gross square footage of space, including the latest University of Washington UW Plaza which consists of 325 ft Tower and conference center.


University of Washington considered a Public Ivy institutions and has been a member of the American Association of University since 1950. The university's research budget is one of the highest in the United States and the university consistently ranked among the 20 best universities in the world

History

City of Seattle is one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for superiority in the newly formed Washington Territory. In 1854, the governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley, saw this as an opportunity tread University adds prestige to the city. They were able to convince early founder of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning school. Legislature was originally chartered two universities, one in Seattle and one in Lewis County, but later revoked its decision in favor of a single university in Lewis County, provided locally donated land to be found. If the site does not appear, legislative, driven by Denny, the university moved to Seattle in 1858.



In 1861, began scouting for the right 10 acres (4 ha) site in Seattle to serve as a campus for a new university. Denny, along with fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie Terry donated a site at "Denny's Knoll" in downtown Seattle. This tract is bordered by Line 4 and 6 on the west and east, and Union and Seneca Street on the north and south.
UW officially opened on 4 November 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The following year, the legislature passed articles formally combine and form the University Board of Regents. Initially struggling schools, closing three times: in 1863 due to lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to lack of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduates from the UW in 1876 when he graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University has grown substantially. Enrollment has increased from 30 students beginning to almost 300, and the relative isolation of the campus has given way to breaking development. A special legislative committee, led by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created for the purpose of finding a new campus better able to serve the growing student population. The committee chose the site in Union Bay northeast of downtown, and the legislature allocated funds for the purchase and subsequent construction.


The university moved from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moved to newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, and finally settled in the lease area. The university still has what is now called the Metropolitan Line. At the heart of the city, among the pieces of the most valuable real estate in Seattle and generates millions of dollars in revenue per year.
The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and the former site currently houses Fairmont Olympic Hotel. Remnants of a single surviving the first UW building four 24-foot (7.3 m), white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were rescued by Edmond S. Meany - one of the first graduates of the University and former head of the department of history. Meany and his partner, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed each column of "Loyalty", "Industrial", "Faith" and "efficiency," or "ON." Columns are now standing in the Sylvan Grove Theater.


The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition lower campus axis toward Mount Rainier
Organizers Alaska Yukon-Pacific 1909-exhibition looking at the campus remains largely undeveloped as a major setting for their world fair. They come to an agreement with the Board of Regents that allows them to use the campus grounds for the exposition. In return, the University will be able to take advantage of campus development for the fair after the conclusion. This includes a detailed site plan and several buildings. Plans for the AYP Exposition prepared by John Charles Olmsted and then incorporated into the overall campus master plan and permanently affect the layout of the campus.


Two World Wars, the military brings to the campus, with certain facilities temporarily loaned to the federal government. The next is the post-war period of dramatic growth for the University. The period between the wars saw a significant expansion on the campus. Quadrangle Development liberal arts, students known as the "Quad," began in 1916 and continued in stages until 1939. Two wings of Suzzallo Library, which is considered as the central architecture of the University, built in 1926 and 1935, respectively. Further growth emerging from the end of World War II and part of the GI Bill. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of a medical school in 1946. It will eventually grow into the University of Washington Medical Center, is now ranked by U.S. News and World Report among the top ten hospitals in the United States. It was during this era in the history of the University of Washington where many Japanese Americans were expelled from the university to internment camps along the western coast of the United States as part of Executive Order 9066 after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As a result, many Japanese Americans' soon-to-be "graduates receive a diploma and can not be recognized for their achievements at the university to the University of Washington memorial service for Japanese Americans, entitled The Long Journey Home was held on May 18, 2008 at the main campus.
In the early 1950s, the University of Washington Police Department was established. Currently has jurisdiction over the University of Washington and the University's residential campus, except for Radford Court apartments in Sand Point.


Spanish universities have headquarters in the old city of Leon in collaboration with the University of León.
The 1960s and 1970s known as the "golden age" of the university because of the tremendous growth in students, facilities, operating budgets and prestige under the leadership of Charles Odegaard 1958-1973. Enrollment in UW more than doubled-from about 16,000 to 34 000, as the baby boom generation comes of age. As happened in many American universities, this era is characterized by high levels of student activity, with a lot of unrest focused around opposition to the Vietnam War. Odegaard instituted a vision of building a "community of scholars" and convinced Washington state legislature to increase their investment to the university. Additionally, Washington senators, Henry M. Jackson and Warren G. Magnuson used their political influence to funnel federal money to research the University of Washington and to this day, the UW is one of the top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The results include an increase in the operating budget of $ 37 million in 1958, to more than $ 400 million in 1973, and 35 new buildings that doubled the floor space of the university.
The university opened the campus in Seattle and Tacoma in 1990. Initially, these campuses offered curricula for students seeking a bachelor's degree who have completed two years of higher education, but both schools have been transferred to a four-year university, new students receive a first class in fall 2006. Both campuses offer master's degree program as well. In 2009 the University opened an office in the Spanish city of Leon in collaboration with local universities.

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Universitas Cambridge-Famous University in the United Kingdom.

Universitas Cambridge

University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English world, with the most stringent entrance requirements in the United Kingdom.
Early records are no longer stored, but the university has grown from an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, probably formed in 1209 by scholars escaping from Oxford after a fight with townspeople there.


University of Oxford and Cambridge, Oxbridge is often called, has had a long history of competition with each other, and is widely regarded as the most elite and prestigious universities in the United Kingdom. Historically, they have produced a number of scientists, writers, and the famous British politician.
Affiliate of the University of Cambridge have won 80 Nobel Prizes, more than any other university in the world.


Of the 80 Nobel Prize winners, 70 had attended Cambridge as an undergraduate student or post-graduate, and not as an "associate" research, "fellow" or a professor (Universita Chicago at number two in the affiliate of the Nobel Prize winner, with 79 people, but only 30 who had studied at the University of Chicago as an undergraduate student or graduate degrees).


Cambridge is a member of the Russell Group (a network of large, research-oriented university Britain), Coimbra Group (an association of leading European universities), and LERU (League of European Research Universities, the League of European Research Universities).

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University of Melbourne,The Second Oldest University in Australia

University of Melbourne, located in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), is the second oldest university in Australia, and the oldest in Victoria. Its main campus is located in Parkville, just north of downtown Melbourne.
University of Melbourne holding the top ranking universities in Australia and the world rankings. In the field of social sciences, cultural sciences and biomedicine, the university has a high prestige.


The University has nearly 40,000 students, and supported by nearly 6,000 staff. On 15 November 2005, the Vice-Chancellor Glyn Davis announced a program called Growing Esteem changes. Within this program, University of Melbourne will try to consolidate the three main activities: Research, Learning, and the transfer of knowledge-to become one of the best institutions in the world. Scholarship in the university structure will then be converted into the Melbourne Model, which is a combination of several practices of American and European universities. According to its proponents, this is in accordance with the Bologna Agreement that will ensure the scholarship program will have international relevance.


History

 TheUniversity of Melbourne

Cussonia Court, home of the School of Classics and Philosophy.
Melbourne University was founded by Hugh Childers Auditor-General and Minister of Finance in his first Budget Speech, on 4 November 1852, which set aside a sum of £ 10,000 for the establishment of a university. University was established by the Constitution of the Company on January 22, 1853, with the power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, law, and music. The act provided for an annual donation of £ 9,000, while a special grant of £ 20,000 made to the building that year. The foundation stone was laid on July 3, 1854, and on the same day the foundation stone for the State Library Classes start in 1855 with three professors and sixteen students; of the student body, only four graduated. The original buildings were officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham, on October 3, 1855. The first Chancellor, Redmond Barry (later Sir Redmond), served until his death in 1880.


In the early days of the university, a master-plan architecture is developed, establishing the intended prevailing building style as gothic revival. Influential architects including Melbourne's own initial Joseph Reed, who is responsible for the design of many of the early campus buildings. Although the master-plan is followed until the 1930s, the 1950s saw the modernist style was established as a "house style" new, so the mix of university buildings seen today.


The inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth generated from gold rush Victoria. The institute is designed to be "the influence of civilization" on a fast turnaround time and commercial growth (Selleck, 2003). This set of secular and excluded from the offer degrees in divinity - the churches can be established only in perimeter college north. The local population largely rejected supposed elitism of the professor, teaching benefit from the 'useful' subjects like law, more than those they deemed 'useless' in the context of the city, like a classic. Residents of this city won this debate, and the law was introduced in 1857, and medicine and engineering in the 1860s.



Recognition of women in 1881 was more a victory for Victoria over the board's decision is more conservative (Selleck 2003, pp. 164-165). Subsequent years saw tensions over the direction the university is emerging and, in 1902, was effectively bankrupt following the discovery of ₤ 24 000 fraudulent abuse of trust by the university's treasurer, Frederick Dickson, during the period 1886 to 1901 (when the annual grant is £ 15,000). Dickson was jailed for seven years.


This resulted in a royal commission recommended a new funding structure, and the expansion of the discipline to agriculture and education.
At the time of World War I, the government again pressing concern. Council, which consists of business people more than professors, obtained real power at the expense of the senate in 1923. Students can choose two members of the board. In this period, students tend to come from wealthy backgrounds, with little opportunity scholarships for gifted students. The first vice-chancellor to be paid the salary was Raymond Priestley (1936) followed by John Medley in 1939.


After World War II, demand for Commonwealth-funded student places grew in Australia and the university met the demand, a much larger and more inclusive.
University's 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003.


library

Melbourne University Library is one of the busiest libraries in Australia, with three million visitors a loan of 42 million transactions each year. General collection consists of more than 3.5 million items including books, DVDs, slide photographs, music scores, periodicals, as well as rare maps, prints and other published materials. The library also holds over 32,000 e-books, hundreds of databases and 63,000 general and specialist journals in digital form.
The library includes:


Architecture Library
Baillieu Library (arts and humanities)
Brownless Biomedical Library
chemical Libraries
geology Library
Eastern Resource Centre (ERC)
Giblin Economics and Commerce Library
Land and Food Resources (LFR) (Burnley, Creswick, Dookie)
law library
Lenton Parr Music, Visual and Performing Arts Library (formerly Library VCA)
Louise Hanson-Dyer Music Library
mathematical Library
Physics Research Libraries
Veterinary Science Library
Library personnel also provide advice to staff and students on issues such as copyright, information management, knowledge management, information architecture and business process design.

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University of Gadjah Mada-UGM Is Favorite Campus in Indonesia

University of Gadjah Mada

University of Gadjah Mada University, abbreviated as UGM, is the oldest state universities in Indonesia, located in Yogyakarta. Founded on December 19, 1949, Gadjah Mada is the first university established after Indonesia's independence.
At the time of its establishment, Universitas Gadjah Mada has only six faculties, now has 18 faculty and the Graduate School (formerly the Graduate), and over 100 Study Program for the S-2, S-3, and Specialist. Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta is located in the Campus Bulaksumur. Most of the faculty within the University of Gadjah Mada consists of several departments / sections and or course. University of Gadjah Mada activities take the form of Tri Dharma College is made ​​up of Education and Teaching, Research and Community Service.

University of Gadjah Mada

History


Formation

Judging from history, Universitas Gadjah Mada is a merger and re-establishment of various centers of education, high school, college in Yogyakarta, Klaten and Surakarta.

Name begins with the establishment of Gadjah Mada University Center of Gadjah Mada University comprising Faculty of Law and Faculty of Literature. Establishment was announced in the House KNI Malioboro on March 3, 1946 by Mr. Boediarto, Ir. Marsito, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Mr. Soenario, Dr. Soleiman, Dr. Buntaran and Dr. Soeharto.


Since January 4, 1946 Sukarno and Hatta, moved the capital of the Republic of Indonesia to Yogyakarta. With the rise of the battle between freedom fighter and the Allies and the NICA in Jakarta and Bandung, the College of Engineering (STT) to move to Bandung, Yogyakarta. On February 17, 1946, College of Engineering (STT) in Yogyakarta, Bandung was revived by the teachers include Prof. Ir. Rooseno and Prof. Ir. Wreksodhiningrat.


Other educational institutions which stand at about the same time the College of Medicine (established March 5, 1946), College of Veterinary Medicine (established 20 September 1946), College of Pharmacy (established 27 September 1946), and the College of Agriculture (up 27 September 1946) all of which are in Klaten, about 20 kilometers from Yogyakarta.


Institut Pasteur in London since 1 September 1945, also participated in Klaten transferred to the laboratory at the Hospital Tegalyoso. One person involved in this transfer is Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito who later became rector of Gadjah Mada University, the first one. Campus life in Klaten more crowded with the establishment of the Faculty of Dentistry at the beginning of 1948.


In early May 1948, the Ministry of Education, Teaching and founded the Science Academy of Political Culture in Yogyakarta at the proposal of the Ministry of Home Affairs to educate prospective employee of the Department of the Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Information. The Academy was initially led by prof. Djokosoetono, SH Unfortunately, the academy is not very long, after the insurgency erupted PKI Madison, September 1948, left this academy students who participated quell the rebellion that the academy was closed.


Furthermore, on 1 November 1948 Legal Expert Education Center was established in Surakarta, as a result of cooperation between the Ministry of Education, Teaching and Culture, Ministry of Justice. Along with the Committee for the Establishment of Private Higher Education in Surakarta, namely Drs. Notonagoro, SH, Koesoemadi, SH and Hardjono, SH in Surakarta plans to establish a State Law School. For efficiency, the Committee proposed the incorporation of expert Education Law Center in the College of Legal Affairs which was finally approved and endorsed by Government Regulation no. 73 in 1948.


Dutch attack on the capital of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta in the framework of the Dutch Military Aggression II paralyze all teaching and learning activities in Yogyakarta and Surakarta Klaten and all universities were closed and the students fought.


After the attack the Netherlands, the Republic of Indonesia is becoming increasingly narrow. On May 20, 1949, Higher Education Committee meeting held in Yogyakarta Kepatihan Hall led by prof. Dr. Soetopo, with members of the meeting, among others, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Prof. Ir. Wreksodhiningrat, Prof. Ir. Harjono, Prof. Sugardo and Slamet Soetikno, SH One result of the meeting was the establishment of colleges back in territory of the republic that still remains in Yogyakarta. Prof. agreed. Ir. Wreksodhiningrat, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Prof. Ir. Harjono and Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito will strive to make it happen. The main difficulty when it is no room for the college. However, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX willing to lend the room palace and several surrounding buildings.


On 1 November 1949, the Duchy of High Peguruan Complex, Yogyakarta, standing back to the Faculty of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Medicine. The third opening was attended by the faculty of President Sukarno. At the opening ceremony held an afterthought for professors and students who have been killed in the war against the Netherlands, namely: Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Saleh, Ir. Notokoesoemo, Roewito, Asmono, Hardjito and Wurjanto.
On 2 November 1949, Faculty of Engineering, Academy of Political Science and Faculty of Law and Faculty of Literature under the auspices of the Foundation Center of Gadjah Mada University was inaugurated participate.


Dated December 3, 1949 Law School opened in Yogyakarta with the leadership of Prof. Drs. Notonagoro, SH. This faculty is the transfer of State High School Solo Law.
Finally, on December 19, 1949, was born the Gadjah Mada University with six faculties. According to Government Regulation no. 23 In 1949, the six faculties are:
Faculty of Engineering (in it including the Academy of Sciences and the Measure of Teacher Education Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences and must);
Faculty of Medicine, which includes the Pharmacy, the Academy of Dentistry and Professor of Chemistry Education and limu Hayat;
Faculty of Agriculture in there dalamya Academy of Agriculture and Forestry;


Faculty of Veterinary Medicine;
Faculty of Law, which includes expertise Academy of Law, Economics and Notary Skills, Science Academy of Political and constitutional part of Teacher Education Academy, Economics and Sociology;


Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, which includes the Teacher Education Academy of Letters.
As the first Rector (President) Prof determined. Dr. M. Sardjito. At the same time also set the Senate and the Board of Curators UGM UGM. The Board of Curators UGM consists of Honorary Chairman of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, and Chairman of the Sri Paku Alam VIII, a vice chairman and member.


Development

In 1952 the Faculty of Law, Social and Political coupled with the economy so it became the Faculty of Law, Economics, Social and Political HESP). In September 1952 the Faculty of Agriculture plus the Forestry Section, so it became the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry.
Since September 1955, several faculty expanded into new faculties, among others:


Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy to the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculty of Pharmacy.
Part baccalaureate Biology Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy to the Faculty of Biology.
Faculty of Law, Economics, Social and Political broken down into three faculties, namely Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics and Faculty of Social and Political.


Faculty of Letters, Pedagogy and Philosophy is broken down into three faculties, namely Faculty of Literature and Culture, Faculty of Education and Philosophy Fakulas.


Science teaching must have baccalaureate degree and baccalaureate Civil Section of Natural Sciences at the Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Science must be made and natural.


Faculty of Education has two sections: Section of Education and Physical Education Section.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine diuubah name to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry.


In 1960 the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry is separated into the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry.


In 1962 Physical Education Section of the Faculty of Education Faculty of Physical Education was upgraded to. The faculty is left to the Ministry of Sports in 1963 and became a High School Sports (STO).
To provide a strong general education for all faculty, also established the General Faculty, and coupled with the Faculty of Philosophy became Joint General Faculty and Faculty of Philosophy. Faculty of Philosophy in 1961 and disbanded in 1962, the General Faculty also dissolved. Founded in 1963 as a successor Operator Course-Lecture Bureau for carrying out tasks that once a joint task the General Faculty and Faculty of Philosophy. However, on August 18, 1967 Faculty of Philosophy was founded back in 1969 and the Bureau of Lectures-Lecture organizers specifically incorporated in the Philosophy Faculty Lecture Bureau, Lecture Religion organizers.


In 1963 The Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry raised to the Faculty of Forestry, sexy sexy technology and culture techniques to the Faculty of Agricultural Technology. In the same year the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Literature and Culture raised to the Faculty of Geography.
Department of Psychology at the Psychology Section of FIP became later on January 8, 1965 became the Faculty of Psychology.


In 1969 the Faculty of born-18 to the Faculty of Animal Husbandry Part of the increase in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry.
Since 1983, Gadjah Mada University has 18 faculty Bachelor, two Fakulas Diploma Program (Faculty of Economics and Faculty Non Degree Non Degree of Technology) and the Graduate School (Master and Doctorate). Simplification occurs early 1992 the number of faculty, the Faculty of Graduate changed to the Graduate School, while the non-degree Faculty of Economics Faculty of Economics and integrated into the Faculty of Non-degree integrated into the Faculty of Engineering Technology.


Faculty

The following are the faculties and departments at UGM. Department is the lowest level of organizational structure. Under the department, there are courses in various levels.


Faculty of Biology
Faculty of Economics and Business
Department of Economics
Department of Management
Accounting Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Geography
Department of Geography and Environmental Science
Department of Cartography and Remote Sensing
Department of Regional Development
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Humanities
Department of Tourism
Department of Anthropology
Department of Archaeology
West Asian Literature
Department of History
Department of Literature Indonesia
Department of English Literature
Department of Japanese Literature
Department of Korean Language
Literature majors Archipelago
Majoring in French Literature
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Department of Politics and Government (before 2010 named Department of Government)
Department of International Relations
Department of Management & Public Policy (before 2010 named Department of Public Administration)
Department of Communication
Department of Sociology
Sosiak Development & Welfare Department (before 2010 named Department Sosiatri)
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Forestry
Department of Forest Management
Department of Forest Farming
Department of Forest Products Technology
Department of Forest Resources Conservation
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (Mathematics and Natural Sciences)
Department of Physics
Department of Chemistry
Department of Mathematics
Department of Computer Science and Electronics
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Agriculture
Department of Plant Protection
Department of Land
Socio-Economic Department of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural Microbiology
Department of Fisheries
Faculty of Animal Husbandry
And Nutrition Programs
Department of Livestock Production
Socio-Economic Department of Livestock
Department of Livestock Products Technology
Faculty of Psychology
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture
Department of Physics
Department of City and Regional Planning
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Department of Geology
Department of Geodesy Geomatics
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Nuclear Engineering
Department of Industrial Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Department of Food Technology and Agricultural
Department of Agriculture
Industrial Technology Department of Agriculture

Student Activities


GMU Student arena is the center of activities for the students in Yogyakarta. It's just because of its location adjacent to the GMU campus is finally identical with the center of activities for students of UGM alone. UGM Students arena built in the 1970s and had become the center of the movement for the activists in the 1970s when the Student Council and Student Council UGM Yogyakarta as still based in the building. From the establishment until now, Venues UGM students have produced tens of thousands of activists student activities.


Between 1980 and 1990, used by the secretariat of the Student Arena organs former Student Council who now stand on their own under the name Student Activity Unit. The units Sports, Arts, and various special unit of the Student still exist using a variety of facilities in the building. The unit also includes Jamaat Salahuddin Islamic Chaplaincy UGM every month of Ramadan Mosque turn into a campus building and Christian Spirituality Unit (UKK) as a forum for students who are Christians.


After 1990, the Student Senate UGM UGM continue the tradition of the Student Council and has offices in the building by using the Student Cooperative former space on the west side of the building, next door to the room MAPAGAMA Nature Lovers Activity Unit and Unit Activities Magazine Hall of the Student Press


On May 13, 1985, GMU Student Health Unit is commonly referred to as UKESMA initiated. Health unit formerly known as first-aid student is engaged in the UGM sosiomedis. On March 31, 1991 officially established a new student activities that SMEs PHOTOGRAPHY, Unit is now better known as UFOs and have the space to the east of Canteen Cafeteria and next door to the SME BOY. BOY SME unit itself is one of the scouts of the oldest universities in Indonesia, established since 1981, and many an example for the Scouts units at other universities. In 2004 also established a first SME engaged in the research and study, called the Interdisciplinary Scientific Reasoning Unit (UPI Interdisciplinary) that overshadow the scientific activities for students in the scope of UGM.


Student organizations


Student Senate UGM student is the central institution established in 1990 with the spirit of the governance style of students (Student Government). In this context one of the Student Senate is an organ of the National Family UGM students, and serves as the legislative body with collective stewardship.
Student Senate for the first time UGM formed in 1990. At that time, including members of the Student Senate Executive Board consists of 54 people, each of the two people from each faculty and 14 people representing the Student Activity Unit. UGM Student Senate formation history is quite interesting to follow and is part of the history of the Student Movement UGM Post NKK / BKK.


Stewardship of the Student Senate in 1990 UGM consists of a Chairman, a Secretary-General, Chairman of the Commission and Lima Lima Vice Chairman of the Commission. SM UGM Presidium consists of Chairman, Secretary, and Chairman of the Commission's Five.
Implementation of student activities carried out by the Student Senate Executive Board UGM (BP SMUGM) that serves as the executive branch. Kepengurusannya appointed and elected from some members of the Student Senate UGM. On the generation / Force II the term was changed to BP SMUGM GMU Student Executive Board.


World rankings

In 2008, UGM was ranked the World 360 (Best of Indonesia), followed by the University of Indonesia in the second position and the Bandung Institute of Technology in third. In the Year 2010, Outstanding UGM increased to 250 World Traveller, version of the rating made by the Times Higher Education Supplement World University Rankings. Ranking of World Universities puts Webometric UGM in Rank 72 in Asia, UGM is ranking first position in Indonesia consistently within 5 consecutive years: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. The world ranking is not only superior to the UGM university level. At the Faculty level (or Scientific Group), Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia dominated the Best Rank.


World rankings for 47 categories of Social Sciences (Best in Indonesia): includes the Faculty of Economics and Business, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Psychology. 70 world ranking for Humanities Category (Best in Indonesia): includes the Faculty of Humanities and Faculty of Philosophy. World rankings for 73 categories of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (Best in Indonesia): includes the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, and others.
Universitas Gadjah Mada University with a Quality Assurance System at the Best of ASEAN along with the National University of Singapore and Chulalongkorn University.

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The History of Al-Azhar University

Al-Azhar University

A BRIEF HISTORY OF AL -AZHAR

The long journey of Al-Azhar is now ahead of the age of 1000 years is interesting listening to. The first time since it was built on 29 Jumada Al-Ula 359 AH (970 AD) by Ash shiqillilalu Jauhar commander officially opened Friday and pray together on 7 Ramadan 361 H. , The first large institution like a mosque was never tired of the birth of the scholars and Muslim intellectuals. "The mosque at the same time the oldest educational institutions," the award's history for him.


The presence of Al-Azhar was separated from the role of bias Fathimi dynasty which was then headed by the Caliph Mu'iz li dinillah Ma'ad bin Al-Mansur (319-365 AD H./931-975), the fourth Caliph of the dynasty fathimiyyah virgin, much earlier when Islam began to spread to Egypt (641 AD) the days of Caliph Umar bin Khattab, formal Islamic education has actually been running since the founding of the first mosque in Africa.


Siwak has become an unwritten that the Islamic civilization in a region is always associated with the role of jami mosque '(the mosque) is the region. This may be inspired from the real work of Allah's Apostle SAW. When the migrated kemadinah. The first task that he did was build a mosque nabawi. This signifies the role of the mosque is not just limited to mere rituan activities. But more than that, the mosque is Islam's central government, educational facilities, the court, issued a fatwa place, and so forth.


This is then carried by 'Amr bin' Ash when the master of Egypt. On the orders of Caliph Umar, the commander of 'amru establish the first mosque in Africa that was later named the mosque' Amr bin Ash Fushthat city, as well as a center of Egyptian Islamic government when it is, then the days of the Abbasid dynasty moved the capital of this pemeintahan again to the city called Al-Qotho 'i and is characterized by the construction of a mosque named Ahmad bin Tholun.


Period after the pass, no matter pemeriuntahan turns. Arrive era Fathimiyyah Daulah (358 H./969 AD) the capital of Egypt moved to a new area on the order of Caliph Al-li Mu'iz Dinillah the assigned commander, Ash shiqilli Jauhar, to build a government center. After going through the stages of regional development is named after the town of Al Qohirah.


As the past history of Islam, every change Daulah is always marked by the construction of a mosque in the center of the capital. So less a year later, in tandem with the development of the city of Al-Qohirah also founded a mosque named Jami 'Al Qohirah (mimicking the name of the capital). All still in the handling of ASG Shiqilli panlima Jauhar.

At the time of Caliph al-Aziz billah, around the Jami 'Al Qohirah built a palace, called Al Qushur Zahirah Az. These palaces are mostly located on the east side (now west of the mosque husein), while some small remainder in the west (near the Al Azhar mosque now), the two castles were separated by a beautiful garden. Whole area is known as "Al-Mulukiyyah Fatimiyyin Madinatul". Circumstance that such a beautiful glow is encouraging people call Jami 'Al Qohirah with a new name, Jami' al-Azhar (Derived from the word Zahra 'meaning a shining, luminous, shimmering).


The caliph long ago realized that a continuation of Al-Azhar is not biased in terms of funding off. Therefore any waqf property caliph provide both personal as well as cash from the pockets of the country. Originator of the first endowment for the Al-Azhar spearheaded by the caliph al-Hakim bi amrillah, then followed by the next caliph, and the local rich people and the entire Islamic world to date. Waqf property has reportedly been mencapcai third of the wealth of Egypt. This is the wheel of the asset endowments of Al Azhar journey can continue to operate, including providing scholarships, dormitories, and delivery of Al Azhar envoys to various parts of the World.
From the mosques' Amr bin Ash and Ahmad bin Tholun, education shaft slowly moved to Al-Azhar.

Al-Azhar University

Al-Azhar University (pronounced "AZ-har", Arabic: جامعة الأزهر الشريف; Al-ʾ Azhar al-Sharif, Al-Azhar Noble), is one of the main centers of study of Arabic literature and assessment of Sunni Islam in the world and the university providers title of second oldest in the world. The university is associated with Al-Azhar mosque in Old Cairo area.


At first the university was built by Bani Fatimid Ismaili Shiite sect that embraces, and the designation of Al-Azhar took the name of Lady Fatimah az-Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. This mosque was built around 970 ~ 972. The lesson began at Al-Azhar in Ramadan in October 975, when the chief justice Abul Hasan Ali ibn al-Nu'man start teaching from the book "Al-Overview" on the topic of Shiite jurisprudence. Madrasah, where religious education, which is connected with the mosque was built in 988. Later, it was a school for Sunnis ahead of mid-century, and continues to this day preserved.


Today, the mission of the university include the spread of Islamic religion and culture. To this end, the Islamic scholars (ulama) issued edicts (fatwa) to address various issues asked of them from the Sunni Muslim world, the behavior of individuals or the right of Muslim society (for example, recently the fatwa and the ban on the clarification and against female genital mutilation). Al-Azhar also trains pedakwah appointed by the Egyptian government.


Al-Azhar library is considered the second most important in Egypt after the Egyptian National Library and Archives. Al-Azhar in partnership with ITEP, an information technology company Dubai, in May 2005 launched the Project HE Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum for Preserving and Publishing a Manuscript of Al-Azhar Online ("Al-Azhar Online Project"); with a mission to provide online access to the public over the entire collection of rare manuscripts (consisting of about seven million pages) is owned by the library of Al-Azhar.

Faculty Son

Faculty of Medicine (Dumyat)
Faculty of Science (Cairo)
Faculty Pharmacists (Cairo)
Faculty of Arabic Language (Cairo)
Faculty of Architecture (Cairo)
Faculty of Architecture (Qina)
Faculty of Shariah wal Qonun (Asyut)
Faculty of Da'wa wal Ushuluddin (Manshourah)
Faculty of Da'wa wal Ushuluddin (Minoufiyah)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Cairo)
Faculty of Agriculture (Cairo)
Faculty of Medicine (Cairo)
Faculty of Economics (Cairo)
Faculty of Arabic Language (Minoufiyah)
Faculty of Arabic Language (Girja)
Faculty of Shariah wal Qonun (Tanta)
Faculty of Tarbiyah (Cairo)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Qina)
Faculty of Arabic Language (Zaqaziq)
Faculty of Dentistry (Cairo)
Faculty of Science (Asyut)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Aswan)
Faculty of Languages ​​and Translation (Cairo)
Faculty of Tarbiyah (Tafahna Al-Ashraf)
Faculty of Arabic Language (Asyut)
Faculty of Sharia (Damanhur)
Faculty of Dentistry (Asyut)


Faculty Women

Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Alexandria)
Faculty Pharmacists (Cairo)
Faculty of Medicine (Cairo)
Faculty of Economics (Cairo)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Asyut)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Sohaj)
Faculty of Psychology (Cairo)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Cairo)
Faculty of Dentistry (Cairo)
Faculty of Science (Cairo)
For the Faculty of Religious Women (Asir Ramadan)
For the Faculty of Religious Women (Thaybah)
Faculty of Economics Affairs (Tanta)
Faculty Dirasat Islamiyah (Manshourah)

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The History of Insurance

The History of Insurance

The History of Insurance
Insurance is a system for financial loss by channeling lower the risk of loss of a person or entity to another.

Insurance in Act 2 Th 1992 on business insurance is an agreement between two or more parties, with which the insurer is binding to the insured, by accepting the insurance premium, to provide reimbursement to the insured for loss, damage or loss of expected profit or legal liability to third parties that may be suffered by the insured, arising out of an uncertain event, or provide a payment based on death or life of an insured person.
Agencies that distribute the risks referred to "the insured", and accept the risk of loss is called "the insurer". The agreement between the two bodies is called the policy: This is a legal contract that explains all the terms and conditions protected. Fees paid by "tetanggung" to the "insurer" for the risks covered by so-called "premium". This is usually determined by the "insurer" for funds that can be claimed in the future, administrative costs, and profits.


For example, a couple bought a house for Rp. 100 million. Knowing that the loss of their homes would lead them to financial ruin, they take insurance protection in the form of home ownership policy. The policy will pay for replacement or repair their homes in case of disaster. Insurance companies on their premiums amounting to Rp1 million per year. The risk of losing their homes have been channeled from the homeowner to the insurance company.

Insurers use actuarial science to calculate the risks they expect. Actuarial science uses mathematics, especially statistics and probability, which can be used to hedge risks for expected claims in the future with reliable accuracy.
For example, many people buy homeowner's insurance policy and then they pay a premium to the insurance company. If the loss of a protected place, the insurer must pay the claim. For some of the insured, the insurance benefits they receive much greater than the money they had paid to the insurer. Others may not make a claim. When averaged over the whole policy of the sale, total claims paid out less than the total premiums paid to the insured, the difference is the cost and benefit.


Insurance companies also earn investment profits. Is obtained from the investment premiums received until they have to pay the claim. This money is called "float". Insurers can benefit or harm from price changes and interest rates float or dividends on the float. In the United States, loss of property and deaths recorded by the insurance company is U.S. $ 142.3 billion in the five years ending in 2003. But the total profit in the same period was U.S. $ 68.4 billion, as a result of the float.

Some people think of insurance as a form of betting which is valid for a period of policy. Property insurance companies are betting that buyers will not be lost when the buyer pays the money. Differences in fees paid to the insurance company against the amount they can receive when the accident occurred about the same as if someone bet on horse racing (eg, 10 vs. 1). For this reason, some religious groups including the Amish avoid insurance and rely on the support received by their communities when disasters strike. In the community and supports a close relationship in which people can help each other to rebuild lost property, this plan can work. Most people can not effectively support the system as above and the system will not work for large risks


INSURANCE HISTORY


2250 years BC

Insurance concept stems from circa 2250 BC by the Babylonian hidupdi Euphrates valley region and the Tigris. At the time when a pemilikkapal need funding to operate a boat or do suatuusaha trade, he can borrow money from a merchant (Creditors) USING ship as collateral with the agreement that the owner kapaldibebaskan of its debt payments if the vessel is safe sampaitujuan, in addition to a sum of money as return for the risks that have been dipikuloleh pinjaman.Kita giver may assume additional costs can be considered similar to "uangpremi" known in the insurance now. In addition to the ship which is used as collateral, charge goods (cargo) can also be used as jaminanberupa). Such transactions are called "RESPONDENT / A CONTRACT". Then padaakhirnya transactions is growing.


The year 215 BC

In the year 215 BC the Roman Empire was urged by the Government of the royal army supplies Supplierpelengkapan and to accept the concept of their yangmelindungi against all risk of loss they suffered atasbarang their belongings on the ship as a result of any hazard maritimseperti serangah enemies and storms.


50 BC

CICERO in approximately 50 BC gave an explanation of the practice pemberianproteksi or guarantee the safety of sending money and letters suratberharga during the trip. In return the party back-diberiproteksi provide such services in the form of cash contributions to the protection pihakpemberi.


50 BC - 200 AD

Emperor Claudius issued a guarantee to the importer against semuakerugian they suffered due to wind storm. Obviously in this case about 200 dikenakanpula premi.Pada this in Romans grew associations yangdisebut "collegia" which is a social activity for one of them, raise money for funeral expenses ataugugur members who die on the battlefield. The slaves were forming collegia with tujuanapabila later died could be buried properly (called collegia Nititum).

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Google Glasses, Glasses Android Futuristic

California - Google reportedly had a secret laboratory, dubbed as Google X. This is where Google's various experiments carried out by working on a variety of futuristic products. Includes a sophisticated computer glasses nicknamed Google Glasses.

His form is similar to ordinary glasses and can be worn comfortably. But apparently, the goggles can display various information about what users see in real time.

"They are in the final stages of making a prototype glasses that are similar to ordinary glasses. However, these glasses have a screen with a computer interface. There are a few buttons on the stem," said media 9to5Google that get leaked from internal sources.

Google reportedly recruiting experts from leading universities MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to realize Google Glasses. Reported by dailymail and quoted on Wednesday (12/21/2011), these glasses will use the Android operating system.

Glasses Google will display information about the environment in which the user is located, exactly as in various film Hollywoood. For example, if a user viewed the building is not known, these glasses instantly displays information about the building.

Google's own party say they have some sort of secret laboratory. "Google always invest in projects that are still in the stage of speculation, it is part of our DNA," said Google spokesman.

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7 The film, Describing People genius.

The following list reviews of 7 movie Describing People genius;

1. Intelligence
Little Man Tate (1991)

Little Man Tate is a film directed and starring Jodie Foster. This film tells the story of a boy genius, Fred Tate (7 years) who had a piano talent, genius at mathematics, and also the world's artists. The film focuses on the efforts Fred to adjust himself in the community, despite his intelligence into the psychological tension between him and his mother.

2. Mathematics
A Beautiful Mind (2001)

A Beautiful Mind is based on a book with the same title. Both the film and the novel tells the story of mathematician and Nobel Prize-winning economist John Forbes Nash. Initially, Tom Cruise is set to play a major role, but Crowe was selected after Ron Howard (director) saw his performance in Gladiator. This film takes most of Nash's life, including time at Princeton University. The story includes success and despair Nash. The film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

3. Music
Amadeus (1984)

Amadeus is considered as one of the best musical films ever made. It is characterized by being nominated for 53 awards and won 40 of the 53 awards, including eight Academy Award. The film was taken from the life of composer Antonio Salieri and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, both lived in Vienna, Austria, at the end of the 18th century. Mozart was a child prodigy who wrote for keyboard and violin at age 5 years. Throughout his life he has produced more than 600 papers and is considered as a musician, gifted children experience the greatest of all time.

4. Physics
Dark Matter (2008)

Dark Matter is a film that is based on the story of Gang Lu, the perpetrators of the murder at the University of Iowa. The film focuses on his time at university, rather than the crime which he did. Character, Liu Xing, is a talented young Chinese students who were flown to America to study physics at a higher level. While there, he joined the cosmology group led by Jacob Reiser, a renowned cosmologist. Xing brilliance became apparent and he was quickly taken under the wing professors. When they tried to create a model for the origin of the universe. However, Xing became obsessed with the study of 'Dark Matter', an invisible substance that he believes shapes the universe and everything in it, contrary to Reiser's theory. Character ego battles, and cultural differences when trying to maintain his natural ability for science, as well as his sanity.

5. Supernatural powers
Powder (1995)

Sean Patrick Flanery plays an albino boy, nicknamed "Powder", which has a remarkable intellect, telepathy and paranormal powers. This child's real name is Jeremy Reed. His mother was struck by lightning when he was still in the womb. This child also has the ability to feel other people around him. Jeff Goldblum and Mary Steenburgen star in this film.

6. Time Travel
The Time Machine (1960 & 2002)

There are two film Time Machine (1960 and 2002), each based on HG Wells novel of the same name. Although the film the protagonist has a name, in the book he was simply known as 'Time Traveler', talented young inventors from New York (version 2002) After kekasihnyanya killed by robbers, he built a time machine that will allow him to return to rescue his girlfriend. After realizing that no matter how many times he returned, his girlfriend is always killed in different ways until he went into the future year 2037. After fainting, she woke up in the year in which 802,701 people have returned to a primitive way of life and tormented by a monster ape called 'Morlocks'. Even though the film is not brilliant, at least in this novel is a "revelation" which introduced the idea of ​​time travel.

7. Writing
Finding Forrester (2000)

This film tells about a young teenage nigger, Jamal Wallace, who has great natural talent for writing. He was met at an old writer named William Forrester (played by Sean Connery). In the end their friendship grew, each find themselves in different ways. Although Jamal is a very gifted student, the pressure pushing him to perform at the average level in school, while Forrester helped give him a passion for literature.

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