2012 Summer Olympics, formally called the Games of the XXX Olympiad, or "London 2012 Olympics", will be held in London, England, United Kingdom from July 27 until August 12 2012.London will be the first city to officially entered the modern Olympics as much as three times, after 1908 and 1948.
London was chosen as host city on July 6, 2005 at the 117th IOC meeting in Singapore, defeating Moscow, New York City, Madrid, and Paris after four rounds of voting suara.Pengundian London is led by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe.
This encourages the implementation of the Olympic redevelopment of some areas of London venue for the match with the theme of environmental sustainability. Although budgetary considerations reap a number of criticisms, These Olympics will take advantage of the gym that was built before the draw, including Wembley Stadium, Wembley Arena, Wimbledon All England Club, Lord's Cricket Ground, The O2 Arena, Earls Court Exhibition Centre, Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, and the Excel Centre.
The process of drawing
On May 18, 2004, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as a result of the technical assessment, reducing the number of candidate cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, and Paris.
On 19 November 2004, the five candidate cities have submitted their candidature file to the International Olympic Committee. IOC evaluation team visited the five candidate cities in February and March 2005. The nomination of Paris have two barriers during the IOC inspection visit: a series of riots and demonstrations coinciding with the visit of the IOC and the reports that Guy Drut, a member of the Paris bid team and an important member of the IOC, will be tried on charges of financial corruption of political parties.
On June 6, 2005, the International Olympic Committee released a report on the assessment of the five candidate cities. Although the report does not contain any scores or rankings, ratings report for Paris was considered the most positive, followed by London, which narrowed the gap at the initial assessment in 2004 of Paris. New York and Madrid also received a very positive evaluation reports.
Throughout the meeting to vote on the IOC-117, Paris is expected to win this nomination, mainly because his candidacy is the third in modern Olympic history. Initially, London seemed left over from Paris with a reasonable margin; however, this difference has significantly thinned after the appointment of Sebastian Coe as new head of the London 2012 on May 19, 2004, reports emerged that predicts that London and Paris series on the nomination in 2012. In the last round of the 117th IOC meeting, London and Paris seemed vying with each other to collect votes. On July 1, 2005, Jacques Rogge, when asked about who the winners, said to the press: "I can not predict it because I do not know how to pick up members of the IOC vote. However I feel the sound will be very thin. It may be said difference of ten votes, or less ".
On July 6, 2005, the final selection was announced at the Raffles City Convention Centre, Singapore, venue for the 117th IOC meeting. Prime Minister Tony Blair's Britain is the only leader of the five candidate cities state that personal lobbying (he is also the only top official who attended the Olympic Games 2004). Moscow was the first city that was dropped, followed by New York and Madrid. The last two cities are London and Paris left. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right implementation of the 2012 Olympic Games with 54 votes, defeating Paris by 50 votes. French newspapers blamed the Paris loss on French President Jacques Chirac's statements before the vote that "We can not trust people [Britain] is bad food. After Finland, the country's worst food.
Two members of the International Olympic Committee today comes from Finland. Several other news sources cited Bertrand Delanoë complaints about late-night secret meeting between Tony Blair with a number of IOC representatives (from Africa) because it has a strong influence on the final vote. When reporting London's win, British media covered the atmosphere of the crowd in France and Britain (and the other candidate cities), and compared the reaction of excited in London by the reaction of the crowd in Paris France wished menang.Sayangnya, celebrations in London did not last long when it attacked the London transport system by terrorists less than 24 hours after the announcement.
In December 2005, Alex Gilady, a senior IOC official, accusing London won the right to the Olympics because of an error voting. A London 2012 spokesman denied this, saying, "In the end, the ballot box is still a secret. It is the opinion of one person. The result is more important and we do not want to engage in such speculation.
Development and preparation
London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games was formed to oversee the Olympics after winning the draw and held its first board meeting on October 3, chaired by Lord Coe 2005.Komite is tasked to implement and host the Olympics, while the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) tasked to build the arena and the necessary infrastructure. In April 2006, the board of the Olympic Delivery Authority was formed.
Government Olympic Executive (GOE), a unit within the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), the leader of the government agency coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. GOE reports through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister of Sports and Olympics. GOE alannya oversees the Olympics, cross-program and program management Heritage London 2012 Olympics before and after the operation that will benefit London and the United Kingdom. The organization also oversees public sector funding worth £ 9.3 billion.
On August 2011, a number of security issues are sticking out of the Olympics in London, due to the riots Britain 2011, with several countries have expressed concern over the safety of the Olympics, although the International Olympic Committee to ensure that violence will not affect the course of the Games.
IOC Coordination Commission for the 2012 Olympics completed their ninth visit to London in October 2011. They concluded that London has made remarkable progress and the 2012 Olympics will generate a lasting legacy. This commission will make his last visit to London in March 2012. London was awarded the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in November 2011.
Sports arena and infrastructure
2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will utilize a variety of new arenas, or existing facilities that already exist, and temporary facilities, some of which are located in famous venues such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. Some new facilities will be reused in the form of Olympic, while the remainder will be enlarged or relocated.
Most of the arena was divided into three zones in Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and Central Zone. In addition, there is also a rink outside Greater London boundary, such as the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset which became the venue for sailing, about 125 miles (200 km) south-west of Olympic Park. Football tournament to be held in several fields in the whole of Britain.
Park construction began in December 2006 when the sports hall at Eton Manor razed. House, Portland athlete was completed in September 2011.
In November 2004, the plan area of 500 acre Olympic Park site diluncurkan.Rencana passed in September 2004 by the Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest. Redevelopment of this area to build the Olympic Park requires a compulsory purchase order property. London Development Agency and London and Continental Railways has a dispute over this command in November 2005. LCR accused the LDA lethal development in the region. LDA plans to buy land for development projects with the Stratford City Olympic Park, which will change the Stratford Rail Lands land area of 180 acres into a mixed development includes 4500 new homes, offices, hotels and shops. The plan was completed in 2011 with the completion of construction the largest urban shopping center in Europe, operated Westfield. In May 2006, 86% of land has been purchased, while the businessman against his expulsion. It is pushing for an examination. 206 companies are obliged to move in July 2007. In addition, people who refuse eviction find a way to stop it by creating a campaign. Unfortunately, they had to leave because the land had been purchased 94% and 6% were purchased when the project is worth £ 9 billion regeneration begins.
However, there are a number of problems at the beginning of a race due to untested or failed financially. For example, road racing was originally scheduled to be held in Regent's Park and Hampstead Heath, but moved to the starting line and end at The Mall in Central London and the route to Surrey in the south and around Box Hill. The event cycling Olympic Mountain will be held in Hadleigh Farm, moved from the Weald Country Park, after the UCI track in the park was declared "too easy" in July 2008Muncul news that the bike path will be built in Wales. A location in Kent also briefly considered
Trajectory of the Olympic marathon, which is scheduled to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to the mall. This idea was criticized by a number of local community members who stated that they were excluded from the Olympics, even though the event was held in their backyard, there is no event to be held in their borough. The change was made because if the Tower Bridge is closed, there will be a traffic jam in London.North Greenwich Arena 2 canceled the cost-cutting operation, and Wembley Arena is used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics.
Public transport
Olympic Javelin train
London public transport is drawing elements that were scored low in the initial assessment of the IOC, but they felt that if improvements are made on time for the Olympics, then London will be able to his conduct. Transport for London (TfL) perform a variety of improvements in preparation for 2012, including the East London Line extension on London Overground system, updating the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the introduction of new high-speed train service named "Javelin" trains that use "bullet "made by Hitachi Corporation. In September 2011, found that the platform at Stratford International Station has a height that is not fit to train Javelin. The platform was increased use of timber to be released again after the Olympics, because the platform is designed for the Eurostar, and it is expected that Eurostar will stop at the station after 2012. According to the rail network operator, 4,000 additional train service will operate during the Olympic Games , with train operators to operate longer trains during the day.
TfL also plans to build a cable car worth £ 25 million across the River Thames, called the "Thames Gateway Cable Car", for linking the venue for the 2012 Olympics. [64] Cable cars will be crossing the River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and Royal Docks, capable of transporting 2500 passengers 2500 passengers per hour at an altitude of 50 meters from the river surface. Transportation system is designed to save travel time between the O2 arena and ExCel exhibition center - both Olympic venues. This privately funded system can provide crossings every 30 seconds.
The plan is 80% of the athletes can travel less than 20 minutes into the sports arena and 93% of athletes within 30 menit.Olympic Park will be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240 000 passengers per hour. In addition, LOCOG are planning a sporting 90% is served by three or more types of public transport.] Two-and parking-roads built in the outskirts of the M25 with a combined capacity of 12 000 cars and 25 minutes travel time from the Olympic Park. Site parking and other road to be built at Ebbsfleet with a capacity of 9,000 cars, and the audience can ride the shuttle bus takes about 10 menit.Untuk bringing the audience to Eton Dorney, four parking scheme and the road was created. Attendance will be deployed at Windsor Racecourse and across the bridge over the River Thames to connect the stadium running track with a paddle.
London Underground train decorated to promote London's Olympic bid - this time with an investment in the city's public transport network.
Various issues arose about the logistics of spectators traveling to the Olympic venues outside London. In addition, cruise event in Portland are in an area with no roads connect the motor directly, and with the usual local road traffic packed with tourists in summer panas.Tetapi, Weymouth area doing a major overhaul terhadpa road infrastructure. An auxiliary path worth £ 77 million that connects Weymouth to Dorchester built and opened in 2011. The remaining £ 16 million savings for continued improvements. In addition, the plan to remove five ring roads to reduce congestion and replace it with traffic lights Unfortunately some people do not like the way the circle is destroyed.
On January 2010, the board of South East England regional transportation plan Olympics Development Authority criticized for not providing long-term plan the bus network, saying, "ODA has tried to build an extensive network of bus ... [but] the absence of references to this project [the plan] quite astonishing and alarming. " On February 15, 2010, ODA announced that FirstGroup is the candidate elected to operate a bus service temporarily for the Olympics. This will involve the temporary operation of the shuttle bus and the site-and-street parking, a service that connects the site-and-street parking around the M25 to the Olympic Park and Ebbsfleet, as well as a national network of express buses to the Olympic Park, and the rink Weymouth and Portland sailing boat . These services will require 900 vehicles, although some of them will be contracted.
Countdown
A digital clock in Trafalgar Square to start the countdown to the opening ceremony on March 14, 2011. Unfortunately, less than 24 hours after power on, the clock is experiencing a technical error and stop counting, displaying "500 (days) 7 (hours) 06 (minutes) 56 (seconds)". Clock is immediately repaired.
Scheduling problems
A number of representatives of Muslim majority countries have complained that the 2012 Olympics will be held during the month of Ramadan, which in 2012 began on July 20 to August 19. During Ramadan, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset, so the less fortunate Muslim athletes at a race. Some Muslim representatives called for the Olympic Games rescheduled outside this period.
Security
The British government announced in December 2011 that 13 500 members of the armed forces will be deployed to secure the Olympics, as well as 10,000 police (who will oversee the implementation of security). Naval and air assets, including boats on the River Thames, the Eurofighter jet and missile surface-to-air, will be prepared as part of security operations. Security costs also increased from 282 million to 553 million pounds. This will be the biggest security operation Britain faced for decades. The total (13 500 members of the armed forces) more than the British stationed in Afghanistan.
Logo
There are two London 2012 logos: one for the drawing process created Kino Design and a second as the Olympic brand itself. The first logo of a ribbon with a blue stripe, yellow, black, green, and red across the text "LONDON 2012", follows the River Thames in East London. The second logo, designed by Wolff Olins, was launched on June 4, 2007 and will cost £ 400,000. The new logo is a depiction of the number 2012, with the Olympic rings included in the number zero.
The default color is green, magenta, orange and blue; but the logo has been matched with a variety of colors, including the Union Flag to promote the handover ceremony. The flexibility also allows the sponsor's logo to unite their corporate color into its own version of the logo, such as Lloyds TSB, British Airways, and Adidas.
London 2012 has stated that the new logo is aimed at young people. Sebastian Coe said that the logo represents all of the words of the organizing committee "of reaching and encouraging young people, who become our challenge over the next five years". One observer, managing director of an advertising agency, said that the logo is very similar to the logo of chldren's television program year 1974-1982, Tiswas, he commented that it is difficult to target the youth, and they will be realized through efforts to lead them.
Initial public reaction against this logo, according to voting on the BBC web site, most of the negative: over 80% of the vote gave the lowest penialain for this logo. Some newspapers even had a competition and show off your own logo submissions from readers alternative. The Sun shows a monkey monkey design. [93] There were also comments that the logo resembles the cartoon character Lisa Simpson performing fellatio [94] and others complained that the logo is similar to the modified swastika. In February 2011, Iran complained that the logo This seemed to spell the word "Zion" and threatened to boycott the Olympics. Iran to send the complaint to the International Olympic Committee, while claiming the logo is "racist", ask the designer logo is drawn and "condemned". IOC "silently" reject the request, and Iran announced that they would boycott the event of this sport.
A segment of animated footage released at the same time as its logo reportedly resulted in seizures in some people with photosensitive epilepsy. The charity Epilepsy Action received calls from people with seizures after seeing the footage on TV. In response, the short segment was immediately removed from the website of London 2012. Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London, said that the company that designed the film does not need to be charged with "serious error" is.
A blogger on the BBC says that "the new London 2012 logo throughout the country resulted in the conversation [although] not as expected by the organizer. An employee of this logo design firm describes as" intelligent "and anticipate that the logo is" capable of being a source of pride for London and Olympics. "
On October 2008, reported that 20% of sales in the Adidas flagship store in Oxford Street come from the Olympic logo pictorial dress, though pajangannya occupy only 5% of store space.
Mascot
The official mascot of the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012 were announced on May 19, 2010 marks the second time the Olympic and Paralympic mascot was announced on the same date (after Vancouver. Wenlock and Mandeville is an animation that shows two drops of steel from the steel industry in Bolton. They are named Wenlock, named after the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire predecessors organized the 2012 London Olympics, and Mandeville, according to Stoke Mandeville, a village in Buckinghamshire where the predecessor of the Paralympics was held. author Michael Morpurgo to write a story about the mascot of this concept, and a second animated character was also made ; this animated series will form part of the mascot is the Olympics of 2012. [103] Two stories have been made about this mascot: Out Of A Rainbow, the story of how the Wenlock and Mandeville was born, and Adventures On A Rainbow, featuring children from Out Of A Rainbow mascot meet and try different Olympic and Paralympic sports.
The ceremony
This ceremony marks the moment when the previous event in Beijing in 2008 handed the Olympic flag to the new host city, which is London.Walikota London Boris Johnson received the flag from Beijing Mayor Guo Jinlong, on behalf of London. The next section, entitled "From London," With a whole lotta love. " The ceremony featured the urban dance group ZooNation, Royal Ballet and Candoco, a quadriplegic dance group, all dressed like London commuters waiting for bus at the edge of crossing the road. While Olympic champion Chris Hoy, Victoria Pendleton and Shanaze Reade BMX World Champion (replaced Jamie Staff as Reade suffered a broken hand in the previous race) cycling around the stadium. A multilevel bus around the stadium accompanied by music composed by Philip Sheppard and stop forming hedges featuring a variety of famous London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and London Eye. Jimmy Page and Leona Lewis then sang the song titled Led Zeppelin classic Whole Lotta Love and David Beckham kicked the ball into the crowd of athletes accompanied by violinist Elspeth Hanson and cellist Kwesi Edman.
For the 2012 London Olympics, 'Take Up The Challenge' is the ultimate music that will inspire a new generation of athletes. The song was composed by Rob Cremona, a trumpet player and multi-UK-Malta instumentalis from Woking, Surrey. Meanwhile, the ceremony is celebrated in many forms events throughout Britain. The BBC broadcast "The Visa London 2012 Party" on BBC One and Radio 2, while a free concert at The Mall in Central London was attended by 40,000 people. In many areas in Britain, there is a screen that shows directly the activities in Beijing, the Closing Ceremony and the concert itself. Local communities throughout Britain also entered the show itself.
Ahead of Olympics
Display inaugural medal in Trafalgar Square.
On July 27, 2011, London celebrated the one year to the start of the Olympics with a special event in Trafalgar Square. There are also other events in town such as Lord Coe and Colin Jackson set foot on the cement at St Pancras Station, while the Aquatics Centre was opened by Tom Daly jumps off the board altitude of 10 meters. In Trafalgar Square, Jacques Rogge invites the world to come to London.Perdana Minister David Cameron promises that the London Olympics is the largest, while Boris Johnson joked that this Olympics is the worst. The Royal Mail announced that it will print a special stamp to celebrate each gold medal won by a British athlete.
Medal
In December 2010, the Royal Mint announced that they will produce the Olympic and Paralympic medals. Royal Mint plans to produce medals at the 4700 event sport. David Watkins medal design has a 7mm thick and weighs 375-400g. Each medal will be inscribed the name of sport in the suburbs. Like the previous Olympic medal design, the front of the medal of the London Greek goddess of victory, Nike, up from the Parthenon. The back is the Olympic logo, and the tape depicting the River Thames with a line that symbolizes the unity and energy terpancar.Medali will use the purple ribbon to symbolize the kingdom and protocols. Princess Royal unveiled the medal design. In a poll by the Telegraph, only 66% of respondents who liked the design. Designer David Watkins said, "I believe this design will be liked a lot of people.
London 2012 Olympic Games will be the tenth (also counting the Summer and Winter) when the Panasonic digital technology is used as the official recording format since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Official international video will be produced and distributed by the International Broadcast Centre (IBC) in London Olympic Park, in 1080/50i format High-Definition (HD). Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD will be the official recording format for recording the course of the Olympics. Olympic Broadcasting Services London (OBSL), the host broadcaster, will use the P2 HD series equipment to support the broadcasting of this competition. Camera to be used is the AG-HPX250, P2 HD handheld camera is the first company with AVC-Intra recording, and two new HD AVCCAM handheld cameras, AG-AG-AC160 and AC130, with Full HD pictures and HD 21x magnifying lens is a new and more width.
The continued commitment of the IOC in providing television coverage over the air to the audience as much as possible around the world, London 2012 is scheduled to be broadcast by a number of regional broadcasters. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the local broadcaster Channel 4 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games for the local broadcaster. The BBC will broadcast 5,000 hours Olympics through various channels. Most of the actual broadcasting of the Olympic Broadcasting Services taken (OBS). United States television rights currently owned by NBC, which is about half the revenue for the IOC's rights. Many television broadcasters have given the broadcast rights agency and studio in London, but since Olipiade Winter 1988 in Calgary, operating rights holder is held in International Broadcast Centre (IBC). IBC planned to be built in London Olympic Park.
Social media will play an important role in the Olympics. Online technologies are being developed for the 2012 London Olympics and YouTube will broadcast the Olympics to the world as part of the approval of the IOC.
In Indonesia, the London 2012 Olympic Games broadcast rights are still being contested by Media Nusantara Citra, Crown Eagle Technology, Media Vision Asia and the Trans Corpora. While TVRI only as a companion to the private television broadcast rights holders.
Olympic flag
On 26 September 2008, the Olympic and Paralympic Games flag was raised outside City Hall for the launch of London as a city of the Olympics and Paralympics in 2012. Beijing gold medalist Christine Ohuruogu raised the Olympic flag, while the winner of the Paralympics, Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the flag of the Paralympics.
Environmental policy
Olympic Park will include 45 acres of wildlife habitat, with a total of 525 nests and 150 nests of bats. Waterway and the river will be utilized as part of this process.
Renewable energy will be used in the Olympics. 20% of the energy originally planned Olympic Park and Village use of renewable technologies; however, currently estimated to amount to only 9%. Proposals to achieve the initial target includes large-scale wind turbines in place and hydroelectric generator on the River Thames. Unfortunately, these plans failed because of this plan keselamatan.Fokus transferred to the installation of solar panels on some buildings and provide an opportunity to make energy from waste.
Olympic food packaging will be made of perishable materials - such as thorns and cellulose-based bioplastics - which can not be reused or recycled. These materials will be used for fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes and beverage cartons. Once widely used, these materials are worth experiencing anaerobic digestion, which can be used as renewable energy.
Tourism and the 2012 Games
2012 Olympic Park near Stratford attract new tourists to the area. Bicycle and pedestrian paths are updated at the Greenway provides an ideal viewpoint overlooking the garden, while the site is still closed to the public.
There are daily tours to the public road along the site in 2012 led by Blue Badge tour guide. Tour starting from the underground station Bromley-by-Bow at 11 am followed by more than 1,000 people each month. This tour is run by a guide who is specially trained to talk about the 2012 Olympics as well as local traditions and history.
In 2010, Blue Badge Guides lead the 220 visits from colleges and schools to the 2012 Olympic site and surrounding the Olympic arena. During the summer, they guide more than 1,000 new visitors and tourists every day around the 2012 Olympic site in East London.
In 2011, a new initiative to bring tourists and visitors to this area will involve the manufacture of public water bus route from Limehouse Basin to waters near the Olympic Park.
Critics of the policy of the IOC athletes
IOC has drawn criticism because of regulations which, according to social media commentators seem to violate the free speech rights of the athletes. The rules prohibit athletes seem to comment on other participants, sponsors promote yourself, or use the word "Olympic" (with certain exceptions) on his personal website. Another criticism aimed at the establishment of a website by the IOC to allow the reporting of alleged violations of these regulations.
participating countries
Athletes from 204 NOCs will participate. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, which plans to continue operating after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, its membership revoked by the IOC Executive Committee at the IOC meeting in June 2011. However, the Dutch Antilles athletes qualified for the 2012 Olympics will be participating independently under the Olympic flag. Here is the NOC that has at least one qualified athlete. On 26 November 2011, 144 countries had at least one qualified athlete.
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
The Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Bermuda
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria
Burundi
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
People's Republic of China
Colombia
Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominican
Republic Dominik
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Georgia
German
Ghana
Great Britain
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisian
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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